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Talion77
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CONGRESS OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF REDMONT
COMMONWEALTH OF REDMONT
A BILL TO
Establish a Civil Code
The people of the Commonwealth of Redmont, through their elected Representatives in the Congress and the force of law ordained to that Congress by the people through the constitution, do hereby enact the following provisions into law:
PART I — PRELIMINARIES
1. Short Title and Enactment(1) This Act may be cited as the 'Civil Code Act'.
(2) This Act shall be enacted immediately upon its signage.
(3) This Act has been authored by xEndeavour, and finished by ToadKing.
(4) This Act has been sponsored by Speaker Talion77.
(4) This Act has been co-sponsored by President of the Senate Omegabiebel.
2. Reasons and Intent
(1) To finish the work already spent on the previous Civil Code Act.
(2) To provide a single source of truth for civil violations and simplify existing civil laws scattered across multiple Acts.
(3) To provide specific legal tests for civil violations and establish a more robust way of listing violations and their meanings.
(4) To integrate the legal damages framework with substantive civil causes of action.
(5) To enable individuals and organisations to understand their rights and remedies for non-criminal harms clearly.
3. Additions to the Code
(1) Additions are to be formatted in accordance with the code standard formatting.
#. Violation Name
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent/Strict Liability/Administrative
Remedy: Various options.
(a) Up to x amount of civil penalty units
(b) Restitution
(c) Specific performance
(d) Disqualification
(e) Apology
(f) Reinstatement
(g) Compliance order
(h) Any other specific order or remedy
(i) No Fixed Remedy
(i) First, Second, Subsequent violation list
(j) All separated by a semi-colon.
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) establish the legal test for your violation
This violation shall not occur where:
(a) establish the legal test where it is not a violation
Relevant Law:
(a) Clerks can add or remove relevant laws
(b) Clerks can add or remove landmark common law verdicts
(c) Changes to this section are informative and are actionable without legislative authority for cases/laws which are relevant.
4. Display of the Code
(1) The code will be aesthetically presented on the Laws page for display purposes.
(2) This Act of Congress will be updated as required and is the authoritative legal document.
(3) All parts after this section will be presented on the Laws page.
PART II — INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION
This Part sets out the guiding principles, definitions, and legal standards that govern how this Code is to be read, understood, and enforced. It provides the foundational framework for interpreting violations, resolving conflicts of law, and ensuring the fair and consistent application of justice across the Commonwealth of Redmont.1. Common Law Principles
(1) This Code shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the principles of natural justice and common law unless expressly excluded. Judicial reasoning and precedent may inform interpretation and application of this Code where the law is silent or ambiguous.
2. Purpose and Spirit of the Law
(1) This Code shall be interpreted to give effect to its purpose and the spirit of the law. Courts and enforcement bodies must avoid construing provisions in a manner that produces absurd, unjust, or unintended results.
3. Codification of Civil Law
(1) This Code constitutes the non-exhaustive listing of civil violations within the jurisdiction of Redmont.
(a) Existing common law torts already established shall remain actionable unless expressly abolished by this Code.
(b) Where this Code addresses the same subject matter as a common law tort, the provisions of this Code shall take precedence to the extent of any inconsistency.
(2) Any new violation that seeks to impose a civil sanction must be introduced as an amendment to this Code.
(3) This Code does not limit actions arising from breach of contract where the contract itself provides specific remedies not otherwise covered by this Code.
4. Conflict of Laws
(1) Where any other Act, regulation, directive, or rule conflicts with a provision of this Code, this Code shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency, except as provided in this section.
(2) This Code operates concurrently with, and does not limit or affect the Criminal Code, which permits civil damages to be sought for crimes.
(3) Where a wrong constitutes both a crime under the Criminal Code and a violation under this Code, the plaintiff may:
(a) Pursue civil remedies under this Code; or
(b) Pursue civil damages arising from the crime under the Criminal Code; or
(c) Pursue both, provided that there is no double recovery for the same loss.
(4) In the event of conflict between this Code and the Criminal Code regarding civil liability, the provision more favourable to the plaintiff’s rights to seek a remedy shall apply.
(5) The conflicting provisions of any other Act will be updated to reflect the content of this Code.
5. Remedies
(1) Where a violation under this Code provides for a list or range of remedies or civil penalties, it shall be within the discretion of the judicial officer to impose any part or the whole of the prescribed remedy or penalty, subject to the limits set out in this Code.
(2) In exercising discretion, the judicial officer shall consider:
(a) the nature and seriousness of the violation;
(b) the intent and conduct of the violator;
(c) any aggravating or mitigating circumstances;
(d) the violator’s history of compliance or non-compliance;
(e) the protection of the community and the deterrence of future violations.
(3) A judicial officer may impose a lesser remedy or penalty than the maximum provided for the violation, or a combination of remedies, unless:
(a) the law specifically requires the imposition of a mandatory minimum remedy or penalty; or
(b) the violation expressly prohibits alternatives to the maximum remedy or penalty.
(4) Nothing in this section limits the authority of the courts to impose additional lawful remedies, where such powers are established under this Code or another Act.
6. Legal Principles
(1) Standard of Proof
(a) The standard of proof for civil cases is defined in the Judicial Standards Act.
(b) Conviction of a criminal offence is not required for a civil violation to be established; however, a criminal conviction may be used as evidence in civil proceedings.
(2) Statute of Limitations
(a) All civil action under this Code must be commenced within four months of the date of the alleged violation OR within two months of becoming aware of the violation if outside the four-month timeframe.
(b) The statute of limitations may be tolled where the defendant has fraudulently concealed the violation from the plaintiff.
(3) Relationship to Criminal Law
(a) Civil proceedings under this Code are independent of any criminal prosecution for the same facts.
(b) A civil action may proceed regardless of whether criminal charges have been laid, are pending, or have resulted in acquittal.
(c) Any restitution ordered as part of a criminal sentence shall be credited against civil damages to prevent double recovery.
7. Civil Law Definitions
(1) Violation means any act, omission, negligence, or conduct which contravenes a provision in this Code and is punishable by penalty, civil remedy, and or sanction.
(2) Intentional Violation means a violation where the violator acts with the purpose of causing harm or with substantial certainty that harm will result from their conduct.
(3) Negligent Violation means a violation where the violator fails to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances, resulting in harm to another.
(4) Strict Liability Violation means a violation where the violator is held liable regardless of intent or negligence, because the prohibited act occurred and caused harm.
(5) Administrative Violation means a regulatory breach enforced by a government department through an immediate penalty, without the need for a formal trial. This can be contested before a judicial officer after enforcement.
(6) Civil law pertains to the regulation and resolution of disputes between individuals, organisations, or government bodies, concerning private rights and obligations. Remedies under civil law may include damages, specific performance, injunctions, or other forms of equitable relief.
(7) Tortfeasor means a person or entity who commits a civil violation (tort) under this Code.
(8) Damages mean monetary compensation awarded to a plaintiff for harm suffered.
(9) Specific Performance means a court order requiring a party to fulfil their contractual obligations.
(10) Restitution means the restoration of property or its value to a person deprived of it.
(11) Rescission means the cancellation of a contract or legal agreement, restoring the parties as far as possible to the positions they were in before the contract was formed.
(12) No Fixed Remedy means no specific remedy is prescribed for the violation, and the plaintiff may request any remedy available under this Code, with the court determining the appropriate remedy based on the circumstances of the case.
(13) Double Recovery means receiving compensation for the same loss more than once and is prohibited under this Code; where a plaintiff receives restitution, damages, or any other compensation for a loss in one proceeding, that amount shall be credited against any award for the same loss in another proceeding.
8. Civil Penalty Units
(1) Civil Penalty units are attributable to a dollar amount and are used as a standardised method for calculating monetary fines under this Code and other Acts of Congress.
(2) Where a law imposes a fine expressed in civil penalty units, the total monetary amount of the fine shall be calculated as:
Number of Civil Penalty Units × Value of One Civil Penalty Unit.
(3) One civil penalty unit shall be equivalent to $100.
9. Violation Types
(1) Each violation in this Code is classified as Intentional, Negligent, Strict Liability, Administrative or a combination thereof.
(2) Intentional Violations require the plaintiff to prove that the defendant acted with the purpose of causing harm or with substantial certainty that harm would result from their conduct.
(3) Negligent Violations require the plaintiff to prove that the defendant failed to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances, resulting in harm to the plaintiff.
(4) Strict Liability Violations require the plaintiff to prove only that the prohibited act occurred and caused harm; the defendant’s intent or negligence is not relevant to establishing liability.
(5) Administrative Violations do not require proof of harm and may be enforced directly by a government department.
(6) Where a violation lists multiple types, the plaintiff may establish the violation by proving any one of the listed types.
(7) The violation type proven may be considered by the court when determining appropriate remedies, particularly the award of punitive damages.
PART III — LEGAL DAMAGES
This Part establishes the types of damages available in civil proceedings and the rules governing their award. It consolidates the provisions previously contained in the Legal Damages Act and provides the framework for calculating and awarding damages under this Code.1. Applicability
(1) The definitions and rules for damages in this Part apply to all civil matters under this Code, including claims for civil damages arising from criminal conduct.
(2) Awards are to be given for each type of damage if multiple are asked for and meet the definitional criteria.
(3) Where a violation specifies any specific or additional remedies, those remedies are available in addition to this Part, not in substitution, unless expressly stated otherwise.
(a) Damages do not have to be explicitly stated as a remedy to be sought as relief.
2. Compensatory Damages
(1) Definition:
(a) Compensatory damages are the restoration of what the party has lost.
(2) Award:
(a) Compensatory damages will not be awarded without proof of pecuniary loss, including compensation for harm to property, harm to earning capacity, and the creation of liabilities; unless they are special damage.
(b) Compensatory damages are limited to either the authorised statute’s limit or the actual amount of damages, whichever is lower.
(3) Diminution of Award:
(a) Duty to Mitigate - A party’s obligation to make reasonable efforts to limit the harm they suffer from another party’s actions. In order to reduce an award based on this defence, a party must prove that the other side did not exhaust reasonable measures to protect their own interest.
(i) This defence does not bar or diminish a plaintiff’s claim if a defendant breached a contract that they had been conforming to; and
(ii) A party does not need to exhaust all measures to prove that they did attempt to mitigate.
(b) Contributory Negligence - Conduct on the part of the plaintiff which falls below the standard to which he should conform for their own protection, and which is a legally contributing cause cooperating with the negligence of the defendant in bringing about the plaintiff's harm.
(i) Whatever percentage of liability proven for contributory negligence by the defendant shall be deducted from the plaintiff’s compensatory damages award, up to a maximum of 50%
3. Punitive Damages
(1) Definition:
(a) Punitive damages are damages awarded against a person to punish them for their outrageous conduct and to deter them and others like them from similar conduct in the future.
(2) Award:
(a) Punitive damages will not be awarded unless they are either authorised by statute or unless the conduct of the other party in causing the party’s harm is outrageous.
(b) Outrageous conduct means conduct that demonstrates a substantial departure from acceptable standards of behaviour and reflects a wilful, dishonest, oppressive, reckless, or grossly negligent disregard for the rights, interests, or safety of others. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, conduct is outrageous where:
(i) The defendant intended to cause harm or loss;
(ii) The defendant acted knowing that their conduct was likely to disadvantage, harm, or seriously inconvenience another person;
(iii) The defendant acted with reckless indifference as to whether harm or loss would occur;
(iv) The conduct involved dishonesty, deception, bad faith, or abuse of trust or power;
(v) The defendant engaged in persistent or repeated misconduct, or failed to change their conduct after becoming aware of its consequences; or
(vi) The conduct demonstrates gross negligence, being such a significant departure from the standard of care that it warrants punishment rather than compensation alone.
(c) In the event that punitive damages are being argued because an authorised statute grants it, the award shall be limited by the amount granted by law.
(d) In assessing punitive damages, courts shall consider the character of the defendant’s act, the nature and extent of the harm, and the defendant’s wealth.
(3) Diminution of Award:
(a) Punitive damages may be reduced where the defendant has demonstrated genuine remorse or taken steps to remedy the harm.
4. Nominal Damages
(1) Definition:
(a) Nominal damages are a trivial sum of money given as recognition that a legal cause of action has been established, even though the plaintiff has suffered no substantial loss and is not entitled to any other damages.
(2) Award:
(a) Nominal damages shall not exceed $7,500.
(3) Diminution of Award:
(a) There shall be no diminution of award or defences to nominal damages.
5. Consequential Damages
(1) Definition:
(a) Consequential Damages are an award that a party can collect against an opposing party for damages that are otherwise incalculable. These damages include, but are not limited to:
(i) Humiliation - Situations in which a person has been disgraced, belittled or made to look foolish.
(ii) Worsening of Conditions - Situations in which damage is caused by a party that caused harm to another party that were unforeseen or unrelated to the original harm.
(iii) Loss of Enjoyment - Situations in which an injured party loses, or has diminished, their ability to engage in certain activities in the way that the injured party did before the harm.
(b) Humiliation and Loss of Enjoyment may be proven by witness testimony and reasonable person tests, or any other mechanism the presiding judicial officer considers persuasive.
(2) Award:
(a) Consequential damages must be proven on the balance of probabilities that a reasonable person, when subjected to the same circumstances, would also experience the same type of consequential damage.
(b) A single claim of consequential damages shall not exceed $50,000.
(c) The cap on consequential damages shall not apply when punitive damages are also awarded.
(3) Diminution of Award:
(a) In assessing a consequential damage award, the judicial officer must review the available evidence and deny awards that do not have sufficient proof according to the standard of a balance of probabilities.
6. Liquidated Damages
(1) Definition:
(a) Liquidated damages are a set amount or formula for damages set by the parties when entering a contract.
(2) Award:
(a) Liquidated damages are paid out in the case of a breach of contract, and are pre-estimated and spelled out in advance when the contract is signed.
(b) Liquidated damages are meant as a fair representation of losses in situations where actual damages are difficult to ascertain and therefore do not count as Compensatory Damages or Punitive Damages
(3) Diminution of Award:
(a) The courts will require that the parties involved make the most reasonable assessment possible for the damages clause at the time the contract is signed.
7. Legal Fees
(1) Definition:
(a) Legal fees are most commonly used to describe the fees paid to the attorney for their time and effort.
(2) Award:
(a) Legal fees shall be awarded at a rate of 30% of the case value to the prevailing party.
(b) Legal fees shall be awarded at a minimum of $12,000 for any case heard by the Supreme Court.
(c) Legal fees shall be awarded at a minimum of $6,000 for any case heard by the Federal Court.
(d) Legal bees shall be awarded at a minimum of $3,000 for any case heard by the District Court.
(e) In civil cases, the value of a case shall be assessed as either the award actually granted if the plaintiff prevails, or the award requested by the plaintiff if the defendant prevails.
(f) In criminal cases, the value of a case shall be the total amount of fines sought by the prosecutor.
(i) Legal fees shall automatically be awarded to the defendant on acquittal of charges.
(g) Legal fees shall not be awarded to the Commonwealth in civil or criminal proceedings.
(h) Legal fees shall be awarded to pro se litigants where applicable, who shall be counted as their own legal representative for the purposes of this section.
(i) Legal representatives may choose not to be awarded legal fees upon success in a case, but this must be communicated to the court in a case filing, response, or plea.
(3) Ancillary Claims Award:
(a) Legal fees for ancillary claims under Part III shall be assessed separately from the original claim, based on the value of each claim.
(b) The prevailing party on each claim is entitled to legal fees for that claim.
(c) Where a party prevails on some claims but not others, the court shall calculate legal fees for each claim separately and apply set-off to determine the net legal fees payable.
(d) Where the original claim and ancillary claim arise from substantially the same facts and legal work, the court may consolidate the legal fee assessment and apportion fees based on the relative complexity and value of each claim.
(e) A party that files a frivolous ancillary claim may be ordered to pay the opposing party’s legal fees for defending that claim, regardless of the outcome of other claims in the proceeding.
(4) Diminution of Award:
(a) Legal fees may be diminished at the discretion of the presiding judicial officer based on the conduct and competency shown in the case.
(b) In cases that reach a verdict, legal fees must not be awarded at a rate less than 15% of the value of the case in any court.
(c) In cases that do not reach a verdict, there is no minimum value of legal fees that can be awarded.
8. Treble Damages
(1) Definition:
(a) Treble damages are damages awarded at three times the actual damages suffered, as a form of enhanced compensation and deterrence.
(2) Award:
(a) Treble damages shall only be awarded where explicitly authorised by a specific violation in this Code.
(b) Where treble damages are awarded, they replace (not supplant) standard compensatory damages.
(3) Diminution of Award:
(a) There shall be no diminution of award for treble damages.
PART IV — ANCILLARY CLAIMS
This Part establishes the right of parties to bring additional claims within civil proceedings, including counterclaims by defendants, cross-claims between co-parties, and claims against third-parties.1. Definitions
(1) Counterclaim means a claim brought by a defendant against a plaintiff within the same proceeding.
(2) Cross-claim means a claim brought by a party against a co-party (e.g. one plaintiff against another plaintiff, or one defendant against another defendant) within the same proceeding.
(3) Third-party claim means a claim brought by a defendant against a person not currently a party to the proceeding, alleging that the third party is or may be liable for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim against the defendant.
(4) Compulsory claim means a counterclaim or cross-claim arising from the same transaction, occurrence, or subject matter as the original claim, which must be brought in the current proceeding.
(5) Permissive claim means a counterclaim or cross-claim arising from a different transaction or occurrence than the original claim, which may be brought in the current proceeding.
(6) Set-off means the reduction of one party’s award by the amount of another party’s award, where both parties are awarded damages in the same proceeding, so that only the net difference is payable.
2. Counterclaims
(1) A defendant in any civil proceeding under this Code may file a compulsory or permissive counterclaim against the plaintiff.
(2) Compulsory counterclaims must be filed within the defendant’s initial response to the lawsuit, or they are waived.
(3) Permissive counterclaims may be filed before the close of discovery, provided they fall within the jurisdiction of the court.
(4) A counterclaim must assert an independent violation under this Code or other applicable law; it is not merely a defence to the plaintiff’s claim.
3. Cross-Claims
(1) A party may file a compulsory or permissive cross-claim against a co-party.
(2) Compulsory cross-claims must be filed before the close of discovery, or they are waived.
(3) Permissive cross-claims may be filed before the close of discovery, provided they fall within the jurisdiction of the court.
(4) A cross-claim may seek:
(a) A share of any damages owed to the plaintiff, proportionate to the co-party’s responsibility;
(b) Full reimbursement from the co-party where the cross-claimant’s liability is solely the result of the co-party’s conduct; or;
(c) Separate damages for harm the co-party caused directly to the cross-claimant.
4. Third-Party Claims
(1) A defendant may file a third-party claim against a person not currently a party to the proceeding where:
(a) The third party is or may be liable to the defendant for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim; or
(b) The third party is or may be liable to the defendant for contribution or indemnification.
(2) A third-party claim must be filed within the defendant’s initial response or with leave of the court.
(3) Upon filing of a third-party claim, the third party becomes a party to the proceeding with all associated rights and obligations.
(4) The plaintiff may assert claims directly against the third party arising from the same transaction or occurrence.
5. Set-Off
(1) Where both the plaintiff and defendant are awarded damages, the lesser award shall be set off against the greater award, and judgment shall be entered for the differences in favour of the party with the greater award.
(2) Set-off applies automatically unless the court orders otherwise for reasons of equity or practicality.
6. Joinder and Consolidation
(1) The court may order the joinder of additional parties where:
(a) Complete relief cannot be granted without the additional party; or
(b) The additional party claims an interest in the subject matter such that disposing of the case without them may impair their ability to protect that interest.
(2) The court may consolidate multiple proceedings involving common questions of law or facts in the interest of judicial efficiency.
7. Procedure
(1) All claims under this Part shall be subject to the same standard of proof as the original claim.
(2) All claims under this Part shall be determined within the same proceeding as the original claim unless the court orders otherwise.
(3) Legal fees for ancillary claims shall be assessed in accordance with Part II of this Code.
(4) The court may sever any claim under this Part for separate trial where it would unduly complicate or delay the original proceeding.
PART V — DEFAMATION AND REPUTATION
This Part concerns violations that harm personal or organisational reputation through communications. It provides remedies for defamation and related civil wrongs arising from false statements1. Defamation
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Apology
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) makes a false statement and/or communication that injures a third party’s reputation;
(b) the statement is made to at least one person other than the plaintiff; and
(c) the statement is presented as fact rather than opinion.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The statement is substantially true; or
(e) The statement is a genuinely held opinion based on disclosed facts;
(f) The statement was made in the course of legitimate political communication;
(g) The plaintiff consented to the publication.
Relevant Law:
2. Libel
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Apology
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) commits defamation as defined in Section 1 of this Part; and
(b) the defamatory statement is expressed by documents, signs, published media, or any communication method embodied in physical form; and
(c) the statement is injurious to a person’s reputation, exposes a person to public hatred, contempt or ridicule, or injures a person in their business, profession or organisation.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The defences set out in Section 1 of this Part shall apply
Relevant Law:
3. Slander
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Apology
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) commits defamation as defined in Section 1 of this Part; and
(b) the defamatory statement is made verbally, through Discord messages, or in-game messages; and
(c) the statement defames another person’s reputation, business, profession, or organisation.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The defences set out in Section 1 of this Part shall apply
Relevant Law:
PART VI — CONTRACT TORTS
This Part addresses violations arising from contractual relationships, financial transactions, commercial dealings, and consumer protection. It ensures fair dealing, honesty, and compliance with obligations owed between individuals, businesses, and other entities.1. Breach of Contract
Violation Type: Strict Liability
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) fails to perform obligations under a valid and enforceable contract without lawful excuse.
This violation shall not occur where:
(b) The contract is void or voidable; or
(c) Performance was rendered impossible by circumstances beyond the party’s control; or
(d) The other party materially breached the contract first; or
(e) The party was induced to enter the contract through misrepresentation or duress.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Contracts Act
2. Misrepresentation
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Rescission
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) makes a false statement of fact; and
(b) the statement induces another party to enter into a contract; and
(c) the other party suffers loss as a result.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The statement was genuinely believed to be true at the time it was made, and there were reasonable grounds for that belief; or
(e) The plaintiff did not rely on the statement in entering the contract.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Contracts Act
3. Misleading Conduct in Trade or Commerce
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Up to 250 Civil Penalty Units; Rescission
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) engages in conduct that is misleading, deceptive, or likely to mislead or deceive another person in connection with the promotion, sale, or supply of goods or services.
This violation shall not occur where:
(b) The conduct constitutes puffery (obvious exaggeration); or
(c) The plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care in relying on the conduct.
Relevant Law:
4. Failure to Deliver Goods or Services
Violation Type: Strict Liability
Remedy: Up to 200 Civil Penalty Units; Specific performance
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) fails without lawful excuse to deliver goods or services that they have agreed to supply under a valid transaction or contract.
Relevant Law:
PART VII — PROPERTY TORTS
This Part governs civil violations involving the possession, use, or enjoyment of property. It protects private rights in land and goods, including trespass, nuisance, and unlawful interference with property rights.1. Damage to Property
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Up to 50 Civil Penalty Units; Restitution
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) intentionally or negligently causes damage to another person's property.
Relevant Law:
2. Failure to Disclose
Violation Type: Negligent/Strict Liability
Remedy: Treble damages
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) fails to provide the other parties with all legally required information and/or documents which are relevant to a property.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Property Standards Act
3. Trespass
Violation Type: Intentional/Strict Liability
Remedy: An order to prevent further trespass
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) enters or remains on land in the possession of another without consent or legal privilege.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The person had express or implied consent of the occupier; or
(d) The person had lawful authority; or
(e) The entry was necessary to prevent imminent harm to persons or property.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Tenant Rights Act
4. Landlord Trespass
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Up to 50 Civil Penalty Units; Reversion of any changes made to the property
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a landlord, enters a tenant's rented region without providing reasonable notice; and
(b) makes changes to the property without the tenant’s consent.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Tenant Rights Act
5. Wrongful Eviction
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Up to 50 Civil Penalty Units; Recovery of rental fees
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) evicts a tenant without reasonable notice; or
(b) evicts a tenant without providing a refund where one is owed; or
(c) evicts a tenant in retaliation for exercising their legal rights.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Tenant Rights Act
6. Nuisance
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Up to 50 Civil Penalty Units; An order to abate the nuisance
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) causes a substantial and unreasonable interference with another’s use and enjoyment of their property; and
(b) the interference would be offensive to a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The plaintiff consented to the interference; or
(d) The interference results from the ordinary and reasonable use of the defendant’s own property.
Relevant Law:
7. Conversion
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Treble damages; Restitution
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) wrongfully takes, obtains, or withholds property from an owner; and
(b) intends to deprive the owner of the property or to appropriate it to themselves or a third party; and
(c) the wrongful taking, obtaining, or withholding is committed by:
(i) stealing property with the intent to permanently deprive the owner; or
(ii) obtaining property through deception, lies, or false statements; or
(iii) embezzlement or obtaining property by false pretences; or
(iv) knowingly acquiring lost property without taking reasonable measures to return it to the owner; or
(v) obtaining property by false promise pursuant to a scheme to defraud; or
(vi) extortion.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The action occurs in the End, Nether wild, or everwild; or
(e) The defendant reasonably believed they had a right to the property.
Relevant Law:
8. Plot Limitations
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Eviction; Administrative action
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) owns more properties than allowed under plot limitations, without a Realtor exemption.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Property Standards Act
9. Exceeding Plot Limits via Merged Plots
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Administrative action; Forfeiture of excess plots
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) exceeds the ownership limitations under the Property Standards Act; and
(b) the excess occurs because the person counted a merged plot as a single plot rather than the number of sub-plots which from the merged plot.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Property Standards Act
10. Unfair Plot Release
Violation Type: Negligent
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a releasing authority, releases a plot in a manner that is not fair and equitable; or
(b) being a releasing authority, fails to control the release of factor in time zones; and
(c) the plaintiff is disadvantaged as a result.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The releasing authority took reasonable steps to ensure fairness; or
(e) The plaintiff had an equal opportunity to acquire the plot(s).
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Property Standards Act
11. Illicit Renting
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 2 Civil Penalty Units; Eviction
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) rents any apartment, office, storage, commercial space, or other rentable region despite the landlord having clearly posted restrictions prohibiting the tenant from renting said region.
Relevant Law:
12. Breach of Property Standards
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 20 Civil Penalty Units; Compliance order
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) fails to comply with any part of the Property Standards Act zoning use requirements.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Property Standards Act
13. Unauthorised Leasehold
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 10 Civil Penalty Units; Eviction
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) rents a region when restricted from doing so by law; or
(b) occupies a government office or region without the appropriate authority.
Relevant Law:
14. End Portal Obstruction
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Region removal
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) impedes the use of, regions over, or blocks access to an End Portal.
Relevant Law:
15. Historical Building Alterations
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy:
(a) Minor - 10 Civil Penalty Units;
(b) Major - 30 Civil Penalty Units; Eviction;
(c) Demolition - 50 Penalty Units fine; Eviction
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) changes the physical appearance of a preserved, historical building without permission or consent.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Property Standards Act
PART VIII — EMPLOYMENT TORTS
This Part governs civil disputes arising in employment and labour relationships, including breaches of employment contracts, wrongful dismissal, discrimination, and the protection of workplace rights and obligations.1. Unfair Dismissal
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Reinstatement
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) terminates an employee’s employment; and
(b) the termination is unjust, having regard to:
(i) whether the termination made financial sense for the organisation; and
(ii) whether continued employment would be detrimental to the workflow, reputation, or legal standing; and
(iii) whether the dismissal was based on personally identifiable characteristics, including but not limited to: gender, age, or political affiliation.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The employee was terminated for documented misconduct; or
(d) The employee was terminated due to genuine redundancy.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Commercial Standards Act
2. Wage Theft
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Restitution
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) unlawfully withholds wages, benefits, or entitlements legally owed to an employee.
Relevant Law:
PART IX: PROFESSIONAL TORTS
This Part addresses violations arising from the breach of professional duties and standards.1. Breach of Attorney-Client Privilege
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Up to 200 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) discloses attorney-client communications without written permission.
This violation shall not occur where:
(b) The disclosure was required by law or court order; or
(c) The disclosure was necessary to prevent imminent harm to another person.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Modern Legal Reform Act
2. Malpractice
Violation Type: Negligent
Remedy: Up to 100 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a licensed professional, breaches the standard of care expected of a reasonable professional in their field; and
(b) the breach causes harm to a person.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The professional exercised reasonable skill and care; or
(d) The harm was not foreseeable.
Relevant Law:
PART X — ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS TORTS
This Part governs wrongful interference with economic rights or business interests.1. Fraud
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) knowingly or recklessly misrepresents or omits a material fact to another, causing the other party to rely on that misrepresentation, resulting in actual, quantifiable harm.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Commercial Standards Act
2. Unjust Enrichment
Violation Type: Strict Liability
Remedy: Restitution
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) obtains and retains a benefit at another’s expense; and
(b) there is no legal justification for retaining the benefit
Relevant Law:
3. Tortious Interference with Contract
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) knowingly induces another party to breach their contract with the plaintiff; or
(b) intentionally interferes with the plaintiff’s existing contractual relationship; and
(c) the interference causes economic harm to the plaintiff.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The interference was through legitimate competition; or
(e) The interference was caused without knowledge of a contract between the parties; or
(f) The defendant was exercising a legal right.
Relevant Law:
4. Tortious Interference with Business Relations
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) intentionally interferes with the plaintiff’s prospective business dealings or economic relationships; and
(b) the interference is accomplished through improper means or for improper purposes; and
(c) the interference causes economic harm to the plaintiff.
This violation shall not occur where:
(e) The interference was through legitimate competition; or
(f) The defendant was exercising a legal right.
Relevant Law:
5. Knowing Receipt
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Restitution
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) receives assets that have been disposed of by another in breach of trust or fiduciary duty; and
(b) knew, or ought reasonably to have known, that the assets were received in breach of trust or fiduciary duty.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The defendant is a bona fide purchaser for value without notice of any other party’s claim to the property; or
(d) The defendant received the assets in good faith and without knowledge of the breach.
Relevant Law:
6. Breach of Copyright
Violation Type: Intentional/Strict Liability
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) copies, distributes, rents, lends, publicly performs, displays, adapts, publishes, or reproduces a copyrighted work; and
(b) does so without the consent of the copyright holder.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The use constitutes fair use, having regard to:
(i) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(ii) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(iii) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(iv) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work;
(d) The work is an Act of Congress
(e) The work is situated, otherwise than temporarily, in a public place or premises open to the public, and the inclusion is in an artistic work (freedom of panorama);
(f) The use is for purposes of criticism, commentary, news reporting, or teaching.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Intellectual Property Act
7. Breach of Trademark
Violation Type: Intentional/Strict Liability
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) produces, replicates, or impersonates recognisable signs, designs, or expressions that identify a company, product, or service; and
(b) does so without the consent of the trademark holder.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The use constitutes fair use for purposes of criticism, commentary, news reporting, or teaching, having regard to the facts set out in Section 6(c) of this Part;
(d) The defendant had reasonable grounds to believe they had authorisation to use the trademark.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Intellectual Property Act
PART XI — PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This Part addresses civil violations relating to obligations owed to public authorities, administrative bodies, and government institutions. It ensures compliance with lawful orders, and promotes the rights of citizens against government bodies.1. Violation of Constitutional Rights
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) acting under colour of law, deprives another of rights secured by the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Redmont.
This violation shall not occur where:
(b) The person was acting in good faith in the exercise of their duties.
Relevant Law: The Constitution
2. Failure to Respond to Freedom of Information
Violation Type: Strict Liability
Penalty: Up to 50 Civil Penalty Units; Writ of Mandamus
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) unreasonably delays or fails to respond to a valid Freedom of Information request within the time limits prescribed by law.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Classified Materials Act
3. Misfeasance in Public Office
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a public official, intentionally misuses their power; and
(b) the misuse causes harm to the plaintiff; and
(c) the official knew or ought to have known that the conduct was unlawful.
Relevant Law:
4. Wrongful Seizure of Property
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Restitution
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a government officer, seizes property without lawful authority; or
(b) being a government officer, retains property beyond a period authorised by law.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The seizure was conducted pursuant to a valid court order or lawful statutory power
Relevant Law:
5. Wrongful Arrest or Detention
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: Expungement
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a law enforcement officer, arrests or detains the plaintiff without lawful authority; or
(b) being a government officer, detains the plaintiff beyond a period authorised by law.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The officer had reasonable grounds to believe the arrest or detention was lawful.
Relevant Law:
6. Denial of Due Process
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: An order to provide proper process; Reversal of decision
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a government officer or body, makes a decision affecting the plaintiff’s rights or interests; and
(b) fails to provide the plaintiff with notice and an opportunity to be heard; or
(c) fails to follow procedures required by law.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) There is no statutory requirement to provide notice or an opportunity to be heard for the decision affecting the plaintiff.
Relevant Law:
7. Failure to Perform Statutory Duty
Violation Type: Negligent
Remedy: Writ of Mandamus
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) being a government officer or body, fails to perform a duty required by law; and
(b) the failure causes harm to the plaintiff.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) The failure was due to circumstances beyond the defendant’s control.
Relevant Law:
PART XII — MISCELLANEOUS
This Part contains civil violations that do not fall neatly within the specific subject areas of the preceding Parts but nonetheless require regulation to maintain private rights, public order, and fair dealings within the Commonwealth of Redmont.1. Breach of Confidentiality Agreement
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: An order preventing further disclosure
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) discloses confidential information in breach of a lawful confidentiality agreement.
Relevant Law:
2. Abuse of Legal Process
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: 100 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) initiates or pursues a legal claim in bad faith, for improper purposes, or without reasonable basis; and
(b) the claim causes harm to the defendant.
Relevant Law:
3. Negligence (General)
Violation Type: Negligent
Remedy: No Fixed Remedy
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) owes a duty of care to the plaintiff; and
(b) breaches that duty through careless action or omission; and
(c) the breach causes harm to the plaintiff; and
(d) the harm was a foreseeable consequence of the breach.
Relevant Law:
4. Breach of Privacy
Violation Type: Intentional/Negligent
Remedy: An order to prevent further disclosure; An order to destroy the information
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) knowingly or recklessly discloses private information of another individual or entity to the public domain, or to unauthorised third parties without lawful authority or consent; or
(b) uses private information obtained in confidence for an unauthorised purpose that causes or is likely to cause harm to the individual or entity to whom the information relates.
This violation shall not occur where:
(c) the disclosure is required or permitted by law or court order;
(d) the disclosure is made as part of official Congressional or Court proceedings;
(e) the subject has provided explicit consent to the disclosure;
(f) the information is already in the public domain through lawful means;
(g) the information is general in nature and does not identify or could not reasonably identify any individual or entity.
Relevant Law: Act of Congress - Privacy Act
5. Malicious Allegation
Violation Type: Intentional
Remedy: Apology; An order for public retraction
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) makes a false allegation that another person committed a crime or civil violation; and
(b) knew or could reasonably infer that the allegation was false; and
(c) the allegation causes harm to the accused person’s reputation, livelihood, or wellbeing.
This violation shall not occur where:
(d) The allegation was substantially true; or
(e) The person had reasonable grounds to believe the allegation was true; or
(f) The allegation was made in good faith to the appropriate authorities for investigation.
Relevant Law:
6. Abuse of Public Resources
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 5 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) frivolously uses a government sign service.
Relevant Law:
7. Academic Misconduct
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy:
(a) First violation - Up to 1 Civil Penalty Units;
(a) Subsequent violation - Up to 5 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) solicits answers to DOE-administered exam questions.
This violation shall not occur where:
(b) The person has already been found liable for Breach of Academic Integrity for the same conduct.
Relevant Law:
8. Breach of Academic Integrity
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 20 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) gives or sells answers to DOE-admnistered exam questions; or
(b) purchases or receives cheated answers and uses them in a DOE-administered exam.
Relevant Law:
9. Suspension Violation
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 5 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) takes an exam for a government job in defiance of a department order to cease.
Relevant Law:
10 - Frivolous Government Application
Violation Type: Administrative
Remedy: Up to 5 Civil Penalty Units
A person commits a violation if the person:
(a) creates a government job or expression of interest application without genuine intent.
Relevant Law: